非法经营罪“口袋化”趋势的遏制

　　【摘要】自1997年新刑法颁布设定了非法经营罪以来，最高人民法院和最高人民检察院先后颁布了11个司法解释，国务院颁布的行政法规中规定如果某种行为情节严重要按照非法经营罪处理的有17个。北大法律信息网公布的362个非法经营罪的案例中276个判决是依照司法解释按照刑法225条第（4）项做出的有罪判决，占整个判决的76%。通过对非法经营罪相关司法解释的现状分析及362个成案分析，得出该罪已步当年的投机倒把罪之后尘，发展成为新的口袋罪的结论。鉴于该罪的“口袋化”特征，该条文罪状的设置及其司法解释违背罪刑法定原则，在刑事司法中己造成了刑罚权的滥用，而且非法经营罪的设立及适用也与市场经济的价值取向相悖。但是在目前取消这个罪名的条件并不完全具备，因为我国市场经济正在高速发展，各种情况复杂多变，非法经营罪存在还有深刻的现实理由。那么，怎样来面对非法经营罪的口袋化越来越重的趋势？目前，首先要做的是要对非法经营罪这种口袋化的趋势做出有效的遏制，制止该罪名的进一步泛滥；其次才能随着我国经济形势的发展以及罪行法定原则的有效执行，通过完善立法及强化司法解释，明确非法经营罪的犯罪构成要件与量刑情节，把行政处罚程序作为追究刑事责任的前置程序，消除其“口袋化”之消极影响。对各类目前由司法解释认为的非法经营行为按实际行为进行分解，对确需予以刑事打击的非法经营行为单独设置具体罪名；对于时代特征明显的，社会危害性不大的行为，应当废止相关的司法解释。国家刑罚权应尽量减少对经济活动的干预，应尽可能以行政处罚、民事赔偿的惩诫以及企业自我监督来取代刑罚，以避免刑罚权的滥用。遏制非法经营罪口袋化趋势的另一个重要的方面，就是要坚决的废止刑法第225条第（4）项这一兜底条款，上述的成案分析已经充分说明了第4项应当废止的理由。现行刑法设立非法经营罪有其必要性，因为它符合我国目前正在快速发展经济的国情、符合我国现阶段的市场经济情况，为我国经济有序、平稳发展做出了贡献，但目前口袋化的趋势却违背了罪行法定的刑法原则。通过进一步完善刑法225条前3项的规定、废止第（4）项规定，一方面遏制了当前口袋化的趋势，另一方面也更加靠近了罪行法定的刑法原则。

　　【英文摘要】Since the amendment of the Criminal Law gave the birth to the crime of illegal business operations in 1997, the Supreme People’s Court and the Supreme People's Procuratorate have promulgated in total eleven judicial interpretations, and the State Council has issued seventeen administrative regulations in which the crime of illegal business operations would be applied in serious cases. Searches had been conducted with the Chinese legal website Chinalawinfo.com and concluded that 276 out of the 362 judgements published on the website were found guilty of illegal business operations in accordance with the Item 4, Section 225 of the Criminal Law. Based on these judicial faces, it can be concluded that following the step of the crime of speculation and profiteering, the crime of illegal business operations has become another “All-inclusive Crime”.Owing to the “all-inclusive” characteristic, in legal practice, the promulgation of the crime of illegal business operations itself and related judicial interpretation had actually resulted in the abuse of discretion. The crime, in itself, is also in contradiction with the true value of market economy. There is realistic reason for keeping this crime in the legal system so as to solve some issues occurred in the course of the dramatic economic development. Thus, here comes the question: what shall be done to retrain the “all-inclusive” issue? First of all, the legislature should classify the activities of which can be concluded to the crime of illegal business operations. Secondly, judicial interpretations and regulations should be further clarified in the aspects of criminal elements and sentencing circumstances so as to delaminate the negative effects of the “all-inclusive” characteristic. Specifically speaking, new crimes shall be enacted to the illegal activities which to be sectioned by criminal law, abolishment shall be applied on the judicial interpretations which were set to govern activities borne with a strong brand of this age and merely caused to minor social damages. Criminal discretion power shall be retrained in interfering the economic activities of which instead shall be governed by administrative punishment, civil compensation and enterprises’ self-monitoring. Last but not least, the other method is to abolish the item four of section 225 as which had actually exacerbated the “all-inclusive’ feature. It was essential and necessary to enact the crime of illegal business operations when amending the Criminal Law in 1997 as it had been used to perfectly fit in the by-then dramatically developing economy and made its contributions. As time goes by, the present “all inclusive” trend has gone to the opposite end of the Principle of Crimes and Punishment Stipulated by Law and caused negative influence to the stability and order of the economy. Further classification of the first three items and abolishment of the fourth of section 225 (the “crime of illegal business operations”) of the Criminal Law can not only effectively restrain the trend of all-inclusive but also being more in accordance with the Principle of Crimes and Punishment Stipulated by Law.

　　【关键词】非法经营罪；口袋化；司法解释

　　【英文关键词】the crime of illegal business operations “All-inclusive Crime”

　　【写作年份】2011年

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